Changes in religious healthcare

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Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you're on a federal government site. The site is secure. NCBI Bookshelf. Diana L. Swihart ; Siva Naga S. Yarrarapu ; Romaine L. Authors Diana L. Swihart 1 ; Siva Naga S. Yarrarapu 2 ; Romaine L. Martin 3. The diversity of religion within our world's population brings challenges for health care providers and systems to deliver culturally competent medical care. Cultural competence is the ability of health providers and organizations to deliver health care services that meet the cultural, social, and religious needs of patients and their families.

Culturally competent care can improve patient quality and care outcomes. Strategies to move health professionals and systems towards these goals include providing cultural competence training and developing policies and procedures that decrease barriers to providing culturally competent patient care. This activity highlights the importance of cultural competence in clinical medicine and its consequences. Objectives: Identify the consequences of deficiencies in culture in healthcare.

Outline culturally competent healthcare. Summarize cultural issues of concern in healthcare. Identify interprofessional team strategies for improving care coordination and communication to advance cultural competency and improve outcomes.

Access free multiple choice questions on this topic. The diversity of religions around the world creates challenges for health care providers and systems to provide culturally competent medical care. If providers and health care systems are not working together to provide culturally competent care, patients may have untoward health consequences, receive poor quality care, and be dissatisfied with the care they receive. The quality of patient-health professional interactions is decreased.

Lower-quality patient-health professional interactions are associated with decreased satisfaction in the healthcare provider. In fact, African Americans, Asian Americans, Latinos, and Muslims report that the quality of their care was diminished because of their ethnicity or race.

Why should providers and systems be culturally and spiritually sensitive? The Joint Commission TJC requires hospitals to be accountable for maintaining patient rights, including accommodation for cultural, religious, and spiritual values. Healthcare professionals and systems must care for patients as whole persons; this includes the body, mind, and spirit.

It is important for healthcare to include the cultural and spiritual needs of the patient. Healthcare professionals should be empowered with the knowledge and skills to respond to the needs of patients and their families at an intensely stressful time. Institutions that seek or maintain TJC accreditation need to demonstrate expertise in cultural and religious competence.

Health systems and healthcare providers are developing strategies and techniques to respond to the religious and spiritual needs of patients and families for a number of reasons. One reason is that, in addition to TJC, state and federal guidelines encourage institutional responsiveness to population diversity. These strategies are essential to meeting the federal government's Healthy People goal of eliminating ethnic and racial health disparities.

Patient's beliefs, behaviors, and values are shaped by factors such as ethnicity, gender, language, mental ability, nationality, occupation, race, religion, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic status.

Cultural competence is the provider and systems able to understand and integrate cultural intelligence into the delivery of healthcare. The goal of providing culturally competent health care services is to provide consistent quality of care to every patient, regardless of their cultural, ethnic, racial, or religious background.

When individuals and systems are able to provide a positive environment of cultural competence that meets the religious and spiritual needs of those who are cared for, the outcome for patients improves, and the healthcare system as a whole becomes a more positive environment.

Why are religion and spirituality important in healthcare? Religion and spirituality are important factors in the majority of patients seeking care. Unfortunately, health providers may not take religious beliefs into account when they are dealing with difficult medical decisions for patients and their families. In the history of man, religious leaders and health providers were often the same. Only within recent times has medicine taken on a scientific approach that has resulted in a separation between medicine and religion.

The challenge for health professionals is in understanding that patients often turn to their religious and spiritual beliefs when making medical decisions.

Religion and spirituality can impact decisions regarding diet, medicines based on animal products, modesty, and the preferred gender of their health providers. Some religions have strict prayer times that may interfere with medical treatment.

Because many patients turn to their beliefs when difficult healthcare decisions are made, it is vital for healthcare professionals to recognize and accommodate the patient's religious and spiritual needs. Health professionals should provide an opportunity for patients to discuss their religious and spiritual beliefs and tailor their evaluation and treatment to meet their specific needs.

Religion and spirituality play an important role in the medical decisions of many patients. The following is an alphabetical list of the religious and spiritual groups most commonly encountered in a healthcare environment and a summary of their views. Knowledge of these beliefs can affect patient-provider communication, resulting in more culturally sensitive care and improved quality of treatment and outcomes.

Buddhism encompasses a variety of beliefs, spiritual practices, and traditions based on original teachings attributed to the Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha. Mary Baker Eddy developed Christian Science, teaching that sickness can be healed by prayer alone, as Jesus healed.

Mormons dedicate time and resources to serving in the church, and many young Mormons choose a full-time proselytizing mission. Hinduism is one of the world's oldest religions, with roots and customs dating back more than years.

It is the third-largest religion, with nearly one billion followers worldwide. They believe Adam, of the Bible's Old Testament, was the first prophet. Jehovah's Witnesses believe that the destruction of the present world system is imminent. The establishment of God's kingdom over the earth is the solution for all problems faced by humanity. Judaism is the expression of the covenant that God established with the Children of Israel.

Judaism includes texts, practices, theological positions, and forms of organization. Protestantism originated with the Reformation, a movement against what followers believed to be errors in the Roman Catholic Church.

They emphasize justification by faith alone rather than by good works and the highest authority of the Bible alone in faith and morals.

Both a religious movement and a social movement developed in Jamaica. It lacks any centralized authority. Rastafari refer to their beliefs as "Rastalogy. The religion also emphasizes the imminent Second Coming of Jesus Christ. The Seventh-day Adventist Church teachings correspond to common Protestant Christian teachings, such as the Trinity and the infallibility of Scripture.

Unique teachings include the unconscious state of the dead and the doctrine of an investigative judgment. Religion emphasizes diet and health, its "holistic" understanding of the person, conservative principles, lifestyle, and promotion of religious liberty.

Sikhism originated in the Punjab region of India. It is one of the newest of the major world religions. The fundamental belief is faith and meditation in the name of one creator, unity of all humankind, engaging in selfless service, striving for social justice, and honest conduct. Hawaiian spirituality teachings reflect the daily practices of oneness and self-greatness, known loosely as the "aloha spirit.

Native American religious, spiritual practices can vary widely and are based on the differing histories of individual tribes. Theology may be animistic, monotheistic, henotheistic, polytheistic, or some combination thereof. Traditional beliefs are passed down in the form of oral histories.

The Voodoo religion is elaborate, steeped in secret languages, spirit-possessed dancing, and special diets that are usually eaten by the voodoo priests and priestesses. The ancestral dead are thought to walk among the living during dances. Touching the dancer during this spirit-possessed trance is considered dangerous enough to kill the offender. The care of patients requires meeting the needs of individuals and families' cultures and beliefs. Religion often provides spiritual guidance as well as an emphasis on maintaining health.

Religious beliefs often affect patient attitudes and behavior. It is important for healthcare professionals to have an understanding of these issues so they can provide culturally appropriate care. It is important to remember that preservation of life overrides guidelines; in a life-threatening situation, there are usually no restrictions on medications or surgical interventions.

When caring for a patient, it is important to understand why adherence or non-adherence to treatment may occur given their religious beliefs. Enhancing cultural competency by providing patient-centered care is the means by which healthcare challenges are ameliorated.

Efforts aimed to improve provider-level cultural enhanced care will go a long way to facilitate cross-cultural communication and respond to patient needs by tailoring healthcare. Understanding the values and reasons for special requests for healthcare will improve cultural competence and provide culturally sensitive health care that is good for the patient and their families.

The culture and religion of an individual can greatly influence their perspectives about healthcare and healthcare providers. Healthcare organizations need to empower their clinical staff with a sense of awareness through education and training on the world's religions and their potential impact on patient care. Provider education makes possible a respectful dialog with their patients about their religion and the impact it has on evaluation and treatment. Knowledge of religious and spiritual beliefs and practices can result in decreased medical errors, earlier patient release, and reliable communication between patient and healthcare provider that results in improved healthcare delivery.

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StatPearls [Internet]. Search term. Affiliations 1 The University of New Mexico. Continuing Education Activity The diversity of religion within our world's population brings challenges for health care providers and systems to deliver culturally competent medical care. Introduction The diversity of religions around the world creates challenges for health care providers and systems to provide culturally competent medical care. Strategies for improving cultural competence in individuals and systems include: Encouraging family to participate in healthcare decision making.

Issues of Concern Religion and spirituality play an important role in the medical decisions of many patients. Beliefs Abandonment of all prejudice: race, religion, gender, or community. The body is the throne of the soul, worthy to be treated with honor and respect even when dead.

The body should be buried, not cremated, preferably without embalming unless required by law. Patients over age 15 and in good health abstain from food and drink from sunrise to sunset during the month of Ala meaning Loftiness from March 2 through Abstain from drugs when health is good, but may take them when necessary, including narcotic pain medicines, if prescribed by a clinician.

Daily private prayer and annual fast lasting throughout the day from sunrise to sunset during the month of Ala from March 2 through March Buddhists follow the path to enlightenment by developing his or her wisdom, morals, and meditation.

Personal insight replaces belief in God with the study of the laws of cause and effect, karma. Rebirth is based upon the actions of a person, and insight and the extinguishing of desire bring freedom. Buddhist representatives should be notified in advance to see that the appropriate person presides over the care. Illness is a result of karma or the law of cause and effect, an inevitable consequence of actions in a prior life or this life.

Lotus flower, human life; Bodhi tree, victory over suffering; Dharma wheel, Eternal Knot, wisdom, and respect for others; Two Golden Fish, hope, and courage. Following the example of Christ Jesus, Christian Scientists rely on consecrated prayer to God, the eternal good, and rooted in a faith lifted to spiritual perception, as a practical and reliable method to care for all human needs, including their health.

There is no church policy on burial, but the body is best prepared for burial by one of the same sex. An autopsy may be sought in cases of sudden decease. There is no church policy on euthanasia, but Christian Scientists revere life and strive to overcome and heal suicidal tendencies.

Christian Science practitioners offer spiritual healing support. They would not interfere in matters of specific medical treatment.

Christian Science nurses provide practical non-medical care when only spiritual treatment is relied upon. If brought to a medical provider involuntarily, adherents may wish to choose to rely solely on spiritual means for healing.

In the future, non-Catholic health facilities that are affiliated with Catholic health facilities may be forced to adhere fully to the ERDs, or they may be separated from Catholic hospital systems or be subjected to some other response from their Catholic health institution counterparts.

Under the revised ERDs, the provision of contraceptives, sterilizations, and other reproductive health services in entities that are affiliated with Catholic health facilities may be at risk.

Some Catholic hospitals have evolved to provide some services such as birth control and sterilization. In some past mergers and affiliations, a secular partner has been allowed to continue providing reproductive health services.

However, the hospital systems reached an arrangement whereby a section of the second floor of the hospital would become the Burdett Care Center, a separately incorporated hospital with its own finances, staff, and board.

All maternity services from Samaritan and another nearby Catholic hospital in the system were moved to this center, where post-partum sterilizations and other services were permitted. The mergers section of the updated ERDs also include a number of new provisions and directives:.

The updated ERDs include new provisions that respond to recent mega-mergers that span many states and multiple diocesan jurisdictions. In these situations, the diocesan bishops of each affected diocese must prospectively approve a merger. If, for example, a Catholic health system is considering merging with a health facility that provides gender-affirming treatment for transgender patients that would not otherwise violate provisions of the ERDs—such as providing hormone therapy—the Church could now try to argue that this violates the ERDs.

This would be the case even though there is nothing in the ERDs or other doctrine prohibiting hormone therapy. It is important to note that this directive specifically calls out referrals and the source of revenue as prohibited, if they are associated with what it considers to be immoral activities.

It is clear that the updates to the ERDs are intended to help better manage the growing incidence of Catholic hospital mergers and to extend the reach of Catholic doctrine as far as possible. This expansion puts patients at risk by imposing Catholic religious and moral teachings in place of medical expertise and standards of care. It also makes it increasingly difficult for patients to identify when their health care is being dictated by religious beliefs rather than medical decision-making.

Bishops 6th ed. Dignity Health, No. The number of Catholic health systems in the top ten recently went from four to three due to the merger between Dignity Health and CHI.

Times, Jan. Some examples would include mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures, lease agreements, or any business deals involving existing or future Catholic management, governance, or control of a health facility. Current and former foster youth in the Medi-Cal program have access to a broad array of reproductive, sexual, and…. January 2, By: Hayley Penan and Amy Chen. Download Publication.

What do the ERDs prohibit? How do Catholic hospitals apply the ERDs? What was the recent update in the ERDs?

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Nsikan Akpan Nsikan Akpan. Gretchen Frazee Gretchen Frazee. Courtney Norris Courtney Norris. A regulation allowing individuals and health care organizations to opt out of providing health care services if they object on religious or moral grounds has been finalized by the Department of Health and Human Services.

That exemption can pertain to abortion, sex reassignment surgery and assisted suicide, among other procedures. In unveiling the final rule, the Trump administration insisted it does not allow discrimination against women, LGBTQ people or religious minorities. On Thursday, San Francisco City Attorney Dennis Herrera brought a lawsuit against the Trump administration claiming the new rule would reduce access to critical health care.

Herrera has asked the U. District Court for the Northern District of California to postpone the rollout until further judicial review.

Opponents of abortion have pushed for decades to recognize the religious rights of health care workers, and to address conflicts between their beliefs and professional requirements related to abortion. The landmark Roe v. Wade ruling that made abortion legal nationwide in also inspired the rise of conscience clauses in response, starting with the Church Amendment that Congress passed the same year.

In May , Trump signed an executive order to expand protections around religious liberty. The law was later scaled back after an outcry from gay rights advocates who argued it could be used to discriminate against the LGBTQ community. Hobby Lobby decision ruled that for-profit companies could refuse to follow an Affordable Care Act mandate covering contraceptives based on religious grounds.

Under the federal health law, a medical office or insurance company provider also had to provide their services to everyone, regardless of their race, color, sex, national origin, age, disability or sex — and former President Barack Obama extended the protections to include gender identity months before he left office. The new rule generally restores regulations from the George W.

Bush era, but also changes definitions to allow health care providers to refuse services on broader grounds. That could include counseling, referrals, or even scheduling appointments for abortions, for example. AIDS United warned the exemptions could also extend to HIV treatments and naloxone, which is used as a reversal drug for opioid overdoses.

Members of the LGBTQ community fear the rule may extend even further and make health care harder to come by. Many health care workers automatically opt out of performing personally objectionable services by going into specialties that avoid such situations altogether. But other workers do find themselves being asked to perform services contrary to their beliefs.

In Oregon, where assisted suicide is becoming more common, a doctor might be directed to provide euthanasia medication, for example. Likewise, faith-based medical workers might object to providing contraceptives such as Plan B.

Organizations within the U. Federal law, specifically Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, already requires employers to reasonably accommodate religious objections unless it would impose an undue hardship on the employer.

If a patient lives in a rural area where all providers object to abortion, for example, no one would be required to provide that procedure. The rule is vague about whether a worker could opt out of a medically necessary procedure, even in an emergency situation.

Forty-six states already have laws or policies in place that allow some health care providers to refuse an abortion, according to the Guttmacher Institute , a research institution that advocates for abortion rights. Ninety-one percent said they would stop practicing medicine altogether rather than violate their conscience. HHS cites this survey as part of the rationale behind the new rule, which outlines the scenarios where set religious and moral objections can be applied.

This legal journey started with the debates around abortion and sterilizations decades ago, but the new conscience rule extends into other realms of health care. And, if it does not, it might be that indeed the predictor does not contribute to the health outcome or it might be that the covariance fallacy is responsible for the result which is the confusion of correlation with causation.

Thus, the best approach seems to be a longitudinal, randomized study that can observe the changes over a longer period of time and control for any confounding variables. For example, if randomization is possible in the case of studying meditation, it is impossible in the case of studying religion: one cannot randomly assign people to a religion or another but has to choose form the already-existing pool of believers, and try to control for other variables e.

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